Per poter far fronte al notevole fabbisogno di acque irrigue per la coltura del riso che aveva promosso nel suo feudo di Aragona, il principe Ignazio Paternò di Biscari, a partire dagli anni ‘60 del ‘700, intraprese la realizzazione di nuove opere per incrementare e razionalizzare lo sfruttamento delle acque per il suo feudo, soprattutto per fini irrigui. A tal fine l’opera più importante fu la costruzione, a partire dal 1765, di un grande ponte acquedotto, per portare le acque della sorgente delle Favare ubicata in contrada Santa Domenica (non molto distante dalle famose cascate di Policello) fino al ciglio del versante occidentale del costone che digradava fino alle sponde del simeto. Il ponte venne ultimato intorno al 1777 e ben presto divenne una attrattiva per diversi visitatori, anche stranieri. Per le dimensioni e le caratteristiche tecniche che presentava, il ponte rappresentò fino a quel periodo l’opera di ingegneria infrastrutturale più importante della Sicilia e una delle più importanti in Italia.
I primi viaggiatori a vederlo subito dopo il suo completamento furono, intorno agli anni 1778-1779, l’equipe guidata da Dominique Vivant Denon, formata da architetti ed illustratori, per conto dell’abate di Saint-Non (1), e il viaggiatore Jean Louis Houel (2). Ambedue i gruppi documentarono con una veduta generale e alcune descrizioni il ponte appena ultimato. Anche l’incisore Antonio Zacco, sempre intorno allo stesso periodo (1777 ?), realizzò (su disegno del pittore Luigi Mayer) una stampa con una veduta complessiva del ponte (3), corredata anche di alcune informazioni di carattere metrico.
Jean Houel scrisse che l’acquedotto del Principe di Biscari è “…una costruzione di utilità immensa che tanto più è costata al generoso principe in quanto ha dovuto superare difficoltà di ogni genere. Fu iniziato nel 1765, e terminato nel 1777. La parte del ponte sopra gli archi maggiori è lunga 200 tese (4) e l’acquedotto che si trova sopra i piccoli archi, 360 tese”.
Una veduta del ponte molto simile a quella realizzata da Antonio Zacco è stata pubblicata nell’interessantissimo saggio illustrato dell’architetto francese Jean Rondelet (6) dedicato proprio ai principali acquedotti antichi e moderni d’Europa, pubblicato in italiano nel 1841, ma già edito in Francia in una versione simile nel 1821. (7); il volume contiene anche una sintetica descrizione del ponte: “Costrusse questo acquidotto il principe di Biscari di Sicilia, a sue spese sul fiume S. Paolo, l’antico Simeto; porta esso un’acqua salubre nei fondi del principe di Biscari, serve in pari tempo di ponte ai viaggiatori per attraversare la valle. È composto di trentun’arco, il più largo dei quali a cavaliera del fiume, è largo 84 piedi di Francia, o 120 palmi siciliani (5).
Il passaggio o ponte è stabilito al di sopra del primo ordine di archi: il canale per le acque è al di sopra del primo ordine. Ha 360 pollici di lunghezza. L’altezza dei due piani è di 160 palmi. Vuolsi che tale costruzione fosse eseguita in due anni.”
Dalle varie descrizioni sia grafiche che testuali si possono sintetizzare le principali caratteristiche del ponte: formato da un ordine principale di pilastri ed archi a tutto sesto che si estendeva per una lunghezza di quasi 400 metri, sul quale correva un secondo ordine di archi (di altezza molto minore rispetto all’ordine principale) alla cui sommità era posto il canale a cielo aperto nel quale scorreva l’acqua. Questa seconda serie di archi si sviluppava anche oltre l’ordine maggiore sottostante, inoltrandosi verso i terreni interni e raggiungendo una lunghezza complessiva di circa 720 metri. Sul piano di imposta del secondo ordine, data la minore sezione degli archi secondari, era ricavato lo spazio per il passaggio pedonale e animale (ma sicuramente non carrabile). Il numero complessivo degli archi dell’ordine maggiore era di 31, considerando anche l’arcone centrale principale, il quale presentava un insolito profilo ogivale e non a tutto sesto come tutti gli altri archi. La luce di quest’ultimo era di circa 120 palmi, ovvero la considerevole distanza di 30 metri. L’altezza complessiva del ponte, nel punto di maggiore elevazione, superava i 41 metri (160 palmi siciliani), ovvero ben più alto del castello normanno di Adrano, di circa 34 metri. Se consideriamo valida l’ipotesi, del tutto plausibile, che le parti basamentali dei pilastri non abbiano subito sostanziali modifiche di forma, posizione e dimensione, e che siano rimasti quelli dello stato attuale, si può anche stimare per tutti gli altri archi dell’ordine principale una luce costante di circa 7,35 metri, corrispondente a circa 28,5 palmi siciliani, come risulta dal rilievo dello stato attuale degli archi 7°, 8° e 9° (e relativi piloni) successivi al primo della sponda destra addossato all’attuale arcone centrale in cemento armato costruito negli anni ‘50. Dallo stesso rilievo si può affermare che anche i pilastri avevano una sezione costante di m. 2,86 x 2,60, corrispondente a circa 11×10 palmi siciliani.
Ad oggi non è stato ritrovato alcun documento che provi l’intervento di un tecnico nella redazione del progetto del ponte. È invece probabile che l’idea generale sia stata concepita dallo stesso principe di Biscari, probabilmente con la consulenza di alcuni tecnici durante la costruzione del ponte, come sembrerebbe testimoniare una lettera del 1775 dell’abate Sestini, che vedremo più avanti. Naturalmente, per il principe di Biscari, antiquario e collezionista di reperti archeologici, il modello di riferimento non può che essere quello tipico degli acquedotti di età romana. Del resto egli conosceva bene i resti degli acquedotti romani in Sicilia, ed in particolare quello che portava le acque di Licodia fino a Catania. Egli ha modo di descrivere le rovine di questo acquedotto nella sua opera più conosciuta “Viaggio per tutte le antichità della Sicilia” del 1781 (8).
La costruzione del ponte, protrattasi per circa dodici anni, comportò certamente notevoli problemi di carattere tecnico, in particolare la realizzazione dell’arcone principale di circa trenta metri di luce costituì una sfida non indifferente per il principe: da una lettera dell’abate Domenico Sestini, un antiquario che per circa tre anni svolse attività di archeologo e bibliotecario per conto del principe Ignazio Paternò, datata 20 aprile 1775 (9), apprendiamo che il primo tentativo di costruzione dell’arcone principale non era andato a buon fine, infatti scrive l’antiquario: “Sappiate adunque che anni sono aveva il medesimo costruito nel detto feudo de’ lunghi Acquidotti per condurre le Acque nelle sue Terre, ove fa la sementa de’ Risi. Siccome questi erano portati molto in alto, dovendo essere a livello di due Montagnette, e stante che erano a traverso di un rapido Torrente che porta seco grossi massi di pietra, era qui convenuto fare un arco grande, ma che mal costruito, in un’ora di tempo era tutto rovinato. La necessità di un pronto riparo consigliò il signor Principe di farli esaminare da un Ingegnere Romano dimorante qui in Catania, e da un certo Signor Vueth Ingegnere Francese, che qui trovasi di passaggio (…)
Dopo la sua ultimazione, nel 1777, il ponte non ebbe lunga vita. Infatti, soltanto dopo circa quattro anni, nel 1781 quasi tutta l’intera struttura crollò rovinosamente a causa di una tempesta che provocò anche molti altri danni in Sicilia, come risulta documentato da un articolo pubblicato su una specie di annuario delle notizie più importanti del 1781 (10), dal titolo “Gazzetta universale”, Vol. VIII, dell’anno 1781.
Difficile stabilire con precisione, senza studi più accurati, quale grado di vulneralibità avesse la struttura ideata dal principe di Biscari alle sollecitazioni trasversali, le più importanti delle quali sono notoriamente il vento e le azioni sismiche. È certo però che altre realizzazioni coeve, come il famoso ponte di Maintenon in Francia e lo stesso ponte sulla valle Maddaloni di Vanvitelli, presentavano una sezione trasversale di larghezza ben maggiore e una suddivisione in più ordini di pilastri sovrapposti (e non solo due ordini come nel caso del ponte Biscari), in modo da evitare un eccessivo sviluppo in altezza per ogni singolo ordine. Inoltre, addirittura nel caso del ponte Maddaloni, il suo famoso progettista decise di contraffortare la metà dei piloni, alternandoli con quelli senza contrafforti, proprio per incrementare la resistenza della struttura alle sollecitazioni trasversali.
Già intorno al 1785, cominciava a concretizzarsi la volontà di ricostruire il ponte, come dimostra una relazione tecnica dello stesso anno a firma dell’ingegnere catanese Giuseppe Romano, per il progetto di ricostruzione del ponte e dell’acquedotto, probabilmente in origine corredata anche da disegni, oggi non più esistenti. Il documento è conservato presso il Fondo Biscari dell’Archivio di Stato di Catania.
I lavori per la ricostruzione iniziarono nell’anno successivo, su commissione del figlio di Ignazio Paternò (morto nel gennaio dello stesso anno), Vincenzo Paternò Castello. I lavori di ricostruzione si protrassero per circa sei anni, sotto la direzione dell’ingegnere Salvatore Arancio di Catania, fino al 1791.
I principi fondamentali che hanno ispirato il progetto di ricostruzione del ponte si possono sintetizzare sostanzialmente in una maggiore praticità, altezze moderate, sistema di conduzione delle acque più moderno.
In questa seconda versione, i piloni sono stati realizzati tutti della stessa altezza, e pertanto il profilo superiore del ponte che ospita le condutture, segue l’andamento del terreno, presentando un primo tratto (sulla sponda sinistra) in discesa; un secondo tratto, corrispondente con la zona in cui scorre il fiume e terreni limitrofi, con andamento pressochè pianeggiante, ed un terzo tratto (sulla sponda destra), che risale il costone.
Inoltre un secondo ponte, affiancato al primo, con profilo a schiena d’asino e con arcone centrale a tutto sesto in comune con l’arcone della struttura del ponte acquedotto, consentiva l’attraversamento pedonale o animale del fiume. Questa seconda struttura rendeva tutto il sistema certamente più resistente alle sollecitazioni trasversali.
Sfruttando il principio dei vasi comunicanti, unitamente all’adozione di condutture sigillate in modo da non perdere pressione, le acque potevano così raggiungere il ciglio superiore del costone opposto, sul lato destro del fiume.
Sugli aspetti salienti del ponte ricostruito si sofferma il Petronio Russo nella sua opera “Illustrazione storico-archeologica di Adernò” scrivendo tra l’altro: “Dal 1786 al 1791 il ponte fu riedificato dall’architetto Salvatore Arancio di Catania, giusta il disegno ragionato dal francese ingegnere M. Fontaine. In quest’edificio, (…) sono notabili le leggi d’idraulica, per cui le acque racchiuse strettamente in otturati canali di forte pietra lavica, si abbassano dalla rupe della prima sponda, corrono per linea retta la valle, ove passa il fiume, e quindi saliscono l’altra collina del feudo Ragona. La molteplicità e la robustezza degli archi (…), la grandezza dell’arco maggiore (sotto cui passano tutte le acque del fiume, sia in magra che in piena), la divisione del secondo ponte tragittabile, attaccato allo stesso arco maggiore e le fortificazioni lungo le due sponde del fiume che difendono l’edificio dall’impeto delle maggiori correnti, rendono sorpreso l’occhio del riguardante”.
Sembrerebbe plausibile l’ipotesi che nella seconda versione siano state riutilizzate le stesse parti basamentali (e probabilmente anche le dimensioni in pianta) dei piloni della costruzione originaria. Infatti confrontando le illustrazioni che rappresentano le due versioni del ponte, il numero degli archi sembra essere lo stesso, sia nel tratto della sponda destra che in quello della sponda opposta.
Il ponte mantenne questa nuova configurazione per più di un secolo, fino agli anni ‘30 del ‘900, quando a causa di una alluvione crollò la parte centrale con il doppio grande arcone e probabilmente alcuni degli archi della sponda destra ad esso limitrofi. La parte centrale, tra la fine degli anni ’40 e i primi anni ’50, venne in seguito ricostruita in cemento armato con un grande arco a sesto ribassato che poggia su piloni che si saldano con la vecchia struttura degli archi preesistenti, per una lunghezza complessiva di circa 80 metri. Non venne invece mai più ricostruita la struttura affiancata del secondo ponte a schiena d’asino per l’attraversamento pedonale.
Alfredo La Manna
NOTE
- Dominique Vivant Denon, “Viaggio in Sicilia”, (Titolo indicativo del diario di viaggio), 1778; sta in: Saint-Non, Jean-Claude Richard de (a cura di), “Voyage pittoresque ou description des Royaumes de Naples et de Sicile.”, Parigi, 1781-1786; Vedi anche: Dominique Vivant Denon, “Settecento Siciliano, i viaggi di Dominìque Vivant Denon e J.C. Richard de Saint Non” Palermo-Napoli, 1979.
- Jean Houel, “Voyage pittoresque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari”, Paris, 1785; vedi anche: Jean Houel, “Viaggio in Sicilia e a Malta”, Napoli, 1977; Jean Houel, “Il viaggio in Sicilia”, Edizioni di storia e studi sociali, Società Ed, 2013.
- L. Mayer, Veduta del ponte acquedotto di Aragona, lato meridionale, anni Settanta del XVIII secolo (Catania, Archivio privato
Moncada). La stampa è stata pubblicata nell’articolo di Antonella Armetta dal titolo “Ponti siciliani fra Sette e Ottocento. Il modello dell’acquedotto romano“, su “Lexicon”, n. 20, 2015, ed. Caracol. - Una tesa (Toise, in fancese), era equivalente a m. 1,949.
- Antica unità di misura; il palmo siciliano era equivalente a cm 25,8 ed era l’ottava parte della canna siciliana, corrispondente a circa m. 2,05.
- Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, architetto francese, nato nel 1743, autore del Traité theorique et pratique de l’Art de Bâtir (Trattato teorico e pratico dell’arte di edificare), pubblicato tra il 1802 ed il 1817, per un totale di 10 libri in cinque tomi.
- “Descrizione dei principali acquidotti costrutti sino ai giorni nostri – corredata delle leggi o costituzioni imperiali su gli acquidotti e d’un sunto idraulico“, Memoria di Giovanni Rondelet – Stesa in appendice al Commentario di Sesto Giulio Frontino su gli acquidotti di Roma. Mantova, 1841.
- Ignazio Paternò Principe di Biscari, “Viaggio per tutte le antichità della Sicilia”, Napoli, 1781.
- “Lettere del signor Abate Domenico Sestini scritte dalla Sicilia e dalla Turchia a diversi suoi amici in Toscana”, Tomo primo, Firenze, 1779. Lettera VIII, “Descrive una gita fatta da Catania ad Aragona, Feudo del Principe di Biscari”, Catania, 20 aprile 1775.
- “Gazzetta Universale, o sieno notizie istoriche, politiche, di scienze, arti, agricoltura ec.“, Volume VIII, dell’anno MDCCLXXXI.
Attenzione
A partire dal mese di luglio 2022, per una migliore organizzazione e fruibilità di tutti i contenuti del mio sito, tutti gli utenti che vorranno scrivere il loro commento potranno farlo sulla pagina appositamente creata per i commenti, che potrà essere aperta direttamente dal menu principale, grazie.
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Puoi citare i miei contenuti sempre specificando la fonte. Grazie per l’apprezzamento
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Kudos
Mantenere un sito come il mio non cosata molto ma ci vuole molto tempo per gestire ed aggiornare i contenuti
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Grazie
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Grazie
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Grazie
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Mi affascinano molto i contenuti di questo sito, sul paese del Sole nonostante disti poco dal paese in cui vivo sapevo ben poco, grazie per aver ampliato le mie conoscenze a riguardo, complimenti ci vediamo a scuola.
Grazie per il tuo commento positivo; ho ricevuto molti commenti da visitatori stranieri (Russia, Germania, USA, etc…) ma solo due sono italiani, ed uno di questi è il tuo
Alfredo La Manna
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Grazie
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Thanks
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Grazie tra non molto devo apportare delle correzioni a questo articolo perchè ho scoperto altre cose sul ponte Biscari
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I did a lot of research on a topic I was looking for. But the most accurate information is on this site. Congratulations on a great blog.
Grazie in verità devo apportare delle modifiche a questo articolo perchè ho scoperto altre cose interessanti. Ricevo molti commenti da paesi esteri e quasi nessuno dall’Italia.
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Grazie
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Grazie per il tuo commento
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Greetings! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering
if you knew where I could locate a captcha plugin for my
comment form? I’m using the same blog platform
as yours and I’m having problems finding one? Thanks a lot!
Ci saranno certamente pluginn del genere ma non so aiutarti mi dispiace
Grazie Alfredo
Hello, I do think your site may be having internet browser compatibility problems.
When I look at your blog in Safari, it looks fine however, if opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping issues.
I simply wanted to give you a quick heads up! Aside from that, fantastic blog!
Grazie per l’avvertimento, cercherò di provvedere appena possibilew, grazie
Alfredo
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